Challenges Associated with Reuse of CCR Disposal Sites - a UK Perspective

The United Kingdom (UK) has transitioned away from coal-fired power generation leaving a legacy of sites containing coal combustion residuals (CCR), referred to in the UK as pulverised fuel ash (PFA). With all coal power stations now closed, over 100 million tonnes of PFA remain stored across the country. Like in the United States (US), the UK regulatory framework for management of PFA sites is complex and evolving, with recent regulatory changes requiring case-by-case assessment for redevelopment and recovery, particularly as previously permitted mechanisms have been restricted. The reuse of PFA sites is further complicated by the regulatory view that PFA is a waste, not a resource. Therefore, the UK waste regulations have to be followed to allow redevelopment/reuse. Despite these challenges, PFA sites are becoming prime development opportunities, particularly for data centers and battery storage where their connections to UK electrical power infrastructure and water sources make them ideal candidates. However, increasingly these sites that have often been inactive for a decade or more are being recognized for their biodiversity forming open mosaic habitats, which further complicates potential redevelopment. A prime example is the Thorpe Marsh Green Energy Hub, located in Yorkshire, UK. Here, Ramboll supported the transformation of a former PFA landfill to be one of Europe’s largest battery energy storage systems (BESS), reusing on-site PFA to create a stable development platform. This project showcases what can be achieved with a pragmatic, risk-based approach to PFA reuse; delivering significant carbon and cost savings while meeting regulatory requirements. The Thorpe Marsh project exemplifies how Ramboll’s expertise and integrated solutions are enabling the safe, sustainable redevelopment of CCR sites for a low-carbon future.